While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Chami, F. A. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This photo depicts a portion of the base of the smack, illustrating the dense concentration of jellyfish. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. . Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. Eastern Africa has a diverse climate change that consist of hot, dry desert regions, cooler, and highlands. The school of fish represents the ozone, and the reef below is Earth. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. They are filter feeders by their specialised gills. Eastern Africa is populated by 160 different ethnic groups or more, depending on the method of counting. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! When we think "Africa," we think of the "Big Five"lions, elephants, leopards, buffalo and rhinosthat crisscross the African Savannah. WWF seeks to halt the illegal logging in Mozambique and Tanzania that is destroying vital coastal forests. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS [25][26], According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where anatomically modern humans first appeared. [62][63] These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration.[64]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra. Casson, Lionel (1989). [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" A team of researchers . By the 5th/11th century the Indian Ocean trade had shifted to the ports at the head of the Persian Gulf, in particular K and Hormoz (Ricks, pp. 2002. (2009 est.) [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. WWF works with farmers to develop climate smart solutions that conserve natural resources and protect wildlife habitats, while improving local food security and incomes. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. The visibility was less than five metres, and it was a disappointing dive. The Indian Ocean and East African Slave Trade: Zanzibar Figure 1.--Zanzibar was the center of the East African/Indian Ocean slave trade. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. Oxford: University Press. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . Around 1,200 miles from the east coast of Africa, Mauritius is best known for its beautiful beaches, lagoons, reefs, and rainforests. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. This includes: - 3,000 species of molluscs - 1,500 species of fish - 1,000 species of seaweed Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map Wikivoyage Wikipedia Photo: Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. Klemetti, E. (2020), Are we seeing a new ocean starting . One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. Map 9.9. 01 of 12 Mnemba Island, Tanzania TripSavvy / Christopher Larson Address andBeyond Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania Phone +27 11 809 4300 Web Visit website Located off the north coast of Tanzania, Mnemba is a private Indian Ocean island and part of the historic Zanzibar Archipelago. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. East coast rock lobsters found in the Indo-West Pacific region, from East Africa along the coast of the Indian Ocean, as far as the Malay Archipelago, and then along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean to Japan in the north and Australia, New Caledonia and probably the Marquesas Islands in the south. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. Omissions? Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. By 1300, like the inhabitants of neighbouring Mafia, they were living in Muslim towns, the rulers of which were Shites. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29, Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Marine Turtle, African elephant, Black rhino, White rhino, Great white shark, Dugong, Whale shark, In response to Covid-19, a new partnership will boost the devastated nature-based tourism industry in Africa, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. 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