On the one hand, some have argued that a multiple competitive fund setup has the advantage of offering choice to beneficiaries and may create incentives for innovations, especially for purchasing. But the key concern is that the existence of multiple pools implies fragmentation. This chapter provides background on demographic and epidemiological trends, the configuration of Ghana's health system, and health financing functions and health systems goals. In 1985, the government commissioned the first of a . The resources allocated to these different pools may come from a mix of centrally and sub-nationally raised revenues, with allocations often based on a consistent formula applied across the country. The Canada health transfer: changes to provincial allocations. The result is that even where it is legally mandatory for the entire population, it is de facto voluntary coverage. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. PubMed Because the individuals benefiting from either compulsory or automatic coverage do not have the option to not be covered, they have important similarities, and we group them together under the label compulsory [22]. Prakongsai P, Limwattananon S, Tangcharoensathien V. The equity impact of the universal coverage policy: lessons from Thailand. &E
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Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Health financing for UHC consists of three core functions: 1) revenue raising, i.e. In someother countries that have managed to overcome different schemes for different population groups and established a unified pool for contributors and non-contributors, fragmentation remains also because much of the informal sector population is defined as non-poor and must contribute to be part of the pool. Kroneman M, Boerma W, van den Berg M, Groenewegen P, de Jong J, van Ginneken E. The Netherlands: health system review. Rather it is a first attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others. It is the various combinations of the different features in the structure and in the nature of pooling that drove our classification of pooling arrangements described in the next section. statement and As such, this type of pooling arrangement, if and when it has an effective risk adjustment mechanism that deters risk selection efforts, can act as a virtual single pool (due to the flows between the pools). SMG 1117A.641 (02/09/2022) 1 . From a system perspective, this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity. This is commonly referred to as a competitive social health insurance arrangement. Int J Equity Health. The authors declare they have no competing interests. PubMed Central Valuable comments from Ke Xu, Matthew Jowett, Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged. Fragmentation also occurs in the few countries (Germany, Netherlands, Chile) that allow certain population groups (e.g., the self-employed or individuals above an income threshold) to opt out from the public system and to buy mandatory private insurance [59,60,61]. %%EOF
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BMC Health Serv Res. Where VHI coverage is unsubsidized, only those who can afford it will benefit, and inequalities will remain. However, in most countries with complementary or supplementary VHI, VHI expenditure is below 10% of current health expenditure [29], and when a large part of the population has this form of VHI coverage, spillover effects are less severe [22, 53]. WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen; 2016. Heal Policy Plan. Thomson S. What role for voluntary health insurance? 0000025210 00000 n
There are different classifications for finance functions, and it varies with organization types. It is found in several low- and middle-income countries that have started to introduce social health insurance for formal sector employees only, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Togo and Cape Verde. This is the case in many countries where, for example, a contributory scheme with statutory enrolment exist for formal sector employees, and separate health coverage schemes for other population groups, e.g. Book A conclusion and lessons are presentedat the end. mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system. In some cases, this is limited to civil servants only. Global Health Expenditure Database: National Health Accounts [http://apps.who.int/nha/database (accessed on 1 September 2018)]. Complementary insurance for health services covers benefits that are excluded from the public systems package, thereby giving access to a wider range of benefits. Due to voluntary participation, small pool size and little or no subsidization of poor and vulnerable groups, CBHI can play only a very limited role in progressing towards UHC. A Review of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana: What Are the Sustainability Threats and Prospects? Finally, it is important to keep in mind that while pooling reforms are needed to enhance redistributive capacity, realizing the gains set by the potential of a pooling arrangement requires more than pooling.
1 below. At one extreme is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/33391064/The_Health_Insurance_System_in_Peru_Towards_a_Universal_Health_Insurance. Mathauer I, Behrendt T. State budget transfers to health insurance to expand coverage to people outside formal sector work in Latin America. Such systems are primarily found in both large and smaller higher-income countries like Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Czech Republic and Slovakia [15, 26]. 0000079977 00000 n
Kutzin J, Yip W, Cashin C. Alternative financing strategies for universal health coverage. Mexicos Seguro Popular also shifted to this principle of automatic coverage of all people who are not part of an insurance scheme for formal sector employees [47, 48]. 2013;91(8):60211. Strategic purchasing for universal health coverage: key policy issues and questions. Health financing refers to the function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right What is healthcare financing system? The three roles of health managers are interpersonal, informational and decisional. Health financing involves not only methods of raising money for health care, but also allocation of those funds. In the early 1990s, Thailand had a scheme for civil servants and another scheme for private sector employees. Cookies policy. there is one fund for the population in that one territory. Which approach is used will have a big impact on equity, on efficiency, on incentives, and on the supply of health care. In: Kutzin J, Cashin C, Jakab M, editors. Washington DC: World Bank; 2004. Such a pool provides compulsory or automatic coverage for the entire population, usually for a defined package of services. Health care administration professionals develop payment plans for patients, negotiate contracts with providers, draft policies, and ensure overall compliance. Long-term strategies include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the . These tend to reflect particular challenges due to the nature and consequences of fragmentation in each. However, evidence for efficiency improvement with increased market competition among purchasers is weak [25]. The finance department functions like bookkeeping, budgeting, forecasting, and management of taxes, and the finance manager functions like financial report preparations contribute to the overall financial wellbeing of an entity. Click the card to flip . Sagan A, Thomson S. Voluntary health insurance in Europe: country experience. Download and easily browse by indicator:Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Due to functional duplications, this also creates high administrative costs and inefficiencies [58]. Yet, the function of pooling and the different ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards UHC. Sparkes S, Durn A, Kutzin J. Today, millions of people do not access services due to the cost. Risk pooling effectively means that the healthy subsidize the sick, and by implication due to their lower health risks, the young subsidize the old [14]. pooled, in one or several pools. Pooling ensures that the risk related to financing health interventions is borne by all the members of the pool and not by each contributor individually. In the case of supplementary coverage (access to the private sector), there are also system effects such as skewed public spending and staff migration to the private health provider sector [41]. While we believe that the classifications are useful, they are not a substitute for the detailed work that is needed in any one specific country to fully understand its pooling arrangements, their links to other health financing and system functions and their implications for policy. startxref
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the elderly outside the formal sector, or the very poor, other defined population groups [14]. People who have higher risks are just as covered as people who have lower risks. World Health Report 2010 Technical Brief Series - Technical Brief No. National health expenditures are derived from government and non-government sources and are used to finance a wide array of programs and services. ,
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World Health Report. Google Scholar. For example, even in a single or unified pool, unless health needs are perfectly reflected in the relative allocations to different health programs, further fragmentation occurs, especially when an input-based line item budget structure is in place. Jowett M, Kutzin J. This article provides an overview of health financing reforms across countries in the Western Pacific Region as progress is made toward universal health coverage (UHC). the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. Comprehensive policy analysis for health system reform. 0000005125 00000 n
A few countries combine competition among insurers with individual choice of insurer and compulsory participation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. As you can see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service, government budget, or insurance agencies are all means of purchasing health care from providers. Key facts it is the function of a system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation, and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system. Health Facilities Health facilities in the Philippines include government hospitals, private hospitals and primary . Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. These are 1) the nature of pooling and 2) the structure of pooling. Community based health insurance: how can it contribute to progress towards UHC? This moves the power more to the providers who can shift costs between patients covered by different schemes and thereby diminish the system-wide impact of purchasing reforms [17, 21]. Health financing - World Health Organization. It is important to mention that supply side financing, where the health budget flows in a vertically integrated way to service providers, constitutes a pool, and in many cases is often the largest pool in low- and middle-income countries. Cite this article. Health financing policy brief no. Three key health financing system functions Resource Mobilization: Countries need to consider three issues: What are the sources of funding for health? Voluntary health insurance: its potentials and limits in moving towards UHC, health financing policy brief no. Improved equity in service use and financial protection involve expanding risk pooling, and as such pooling is a policy objective in itself. 1.2.1. Ministry of Health Swaziland. This overlap turns into duplication of service coverage particularly in big cities, with the main policy consequence being large inefficiencies in the form of excess provider capacity [15]. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. Health financing is a core function of health systems that can enable progress towards universal health coverage by improving effective service coverage and financial protection. World Health Organization. Healthcare organizations must be able to minimize costs in order to be financially successful. The extent to which the potential redistributive and efficiency gains established by a particular pooling arrangement are realized in practice depends on its interaction and alignment with the other health financing functions of revenue raising and purchasing, including the links between pools and the service benefits and populations they cover. Function. Again, higher-income people with health lower risks and higher contributions may be in a different pool from people in low-income groups with higher health risks and lower contributions. Health Systems in Transition. Frenz P, Delgado I, Kaufman JS, Harper S. Achieving effective universal health coverage with equity: evidence from Chile. This module includes the indicators on health financing from the compendium of indicators for projects supporting health financing, human resources, and governance developed by the HFG project. Ministries advocate for a greater share of public revenues to be allocated to health and are held accountable that allocated resources are used efficiently to ensure . When coverage is compulsory or automatic for all population groups, the pool(s) have a more diverse mix of health risks. What are the four major services and healthcare? Pools can be based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation. World Health Organization. They also need to monitor cash on hand, businesses may be profitable but have a shortage of cash and. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt054. Background paper no. Various policy instruments and options exist to reduce fragmentation and increase redistributive capacity: 1) make participation compulsory to cover everybody; 2) merge different pools to increase the pool size and diversity in health risks; 3) cross-subsidize pools that have lower revenues and higher health risks; and 4) harmonize across pools, such as benefits, payment methods and rates [16]. The complex structure of Australia's . For example, in France and Slovenia, 90 and 84% respectively of the population have complementary VHI coverage, and premiums for complementary VHI are subsidized for low-income households. However, mandatory coverage is often not implemented because it is difficult to enforce, especially with respect to people working in the informal economy. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Table1 outlines the respective features under each. The indicators cover the following areas: The World Health Organization defines a well-functioning health financing system as one that raises adequate funds for health in ways that ensure people can use needed services and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them. In particular, the aim in both is to match the level of per capita funding of each pool with the relative health risk of the population affiliated to each pool. The three basic functions of any health financing system are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and purchasing of services. endstream
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pvr\HUc. Common to these low- and middle-income country examples is that they did not manage to merge all coverage schemes into one pool due to the resistance of the formal sector employees for a unified national scheme. Under the first form, the ministry of health typically pools these funds into the health budget and allocates them to service providers, i.e. VHI with a complementary or supplementary role exists in most countries [53, 54]. volume18, Articlenumber:198 (2019) 0000008166 00000 n
Supplementary insurance, on the other hand, provides enhanced access, such as a higher level of inpatient amenities or greater user choice of providers compared to the coverage in the public system [51, 55]. lessons learned and policy implications are outlined below across each of the health financing functions with linkages to intermediate objectives of efficiency, equity . Its main purpose is to share the financial risk associated with 0000001757 00000 n
Systems relying on territorially distinct pools are usually a product of a wider political context of federalism or devolution. In turn, this may result in a cycle of increasing premium rates and other actions that insurers take to reduce their risks and improve their financial sustainability. Smith PC, Witter SN. This makes it affordable to them and addresses the inequity concerns that come along with complementary health insurance [53]. This is a protocol of a study that will aim to assess health financing system progress towards achieving UHC in Iran. However, little is known about how best to monitor health financing system progress towards UHC, especially in low- and middle-income countries. (Accessed on 25 February 2018)]. 0000010947 00000 n
Popovich L, Potapchik E, Shishkin S, Richardson E, Vacroux A, Mathivet B. Russian Federation: health system review. Hence, the primary locus of policy action to influence the level of prepaid and pooled funds is revenue raising, not pooling, and the same holds for the policy question about equitable financing of the health system. voluntary contributions from beneficiaries, are prone to adverse selection: people with higher risks are more likely to enroll than people with lower health risks. 2001;56(3):171204. Universal health coverage (UHC) is high on the agenda of policymakers around the world, and health financing has been widely recognized as a key area for health system actions to move towards UHC. Risk adjustment and risk selection in Europe: 6 years later. Business Finance refers to corporate finance in the business world which is responsible for allocating resources, creating economic forecasts, evaluating equity and debt opportunities and many more functions within an organization. Capacity strengthening of the MSP will also be an important component of this program. The function of pooling and the ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards universal health coverage, but its potential as a policy instrument has not received much attention. ?2$R@a,/|l*K`I(ij6 'I#b
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I,dH4BH>o\v^dqY[GraltAL3,;S/R-{zk37IY[?d-. 1995;32:25777. Sometimes, these arrangements include a purchaser-provider split. Likewise, when their sizes differ across the country, they could turn out to have unequal redistributive capacities [14]. Health financing refers to the "function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right. In: Chernichovsky D, Hanson K, editors. Cuba, with a much larger population, also has this setup, as does Sri Lanka, where financial protection performance is relatively good despite a high share of OOP [29]. arrange the three key health financing functions of revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and purchasing. Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, Tunis, Tunisia, You can also search for this author in We examined the nature and structure of pooling in more than 100 countries across all income groups to develop the classification. All people have in principle access to the same benefits. Explain the need for evidence pertaining to the cost of delivery of. Health Financing. Mathauer I, Dale E, Jowett M, Kutzin J. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Risk selection negatively affects the redistributive capacity, as healthier and wealthier individuals and their contributions often end up in a different pool than poorer and sicker members with (usually) lower contributions. It is possible to have competition across pools, i.e. Conversely, schemes that have voluntary membership, i.e. I'.1~)4CQ~u sd1$V0c: B' {09
By using this website, you agree to our PubMed Health financing for UHC consists of three core functions: 1) revenue raising, i.e. PubMedGoogle Scholar. a. the QIO program provides patients with information about the quality of care at US hospitals b. the QIO program focuses on helping medicare and medicaid beneficiaries c. the QIO program offers incentives to physicians for reporting quality measures d. the QIO program allows medicare beneficiaries to file complaints about quality of care xref
However, relevant responses to improving pooling depend on the specific nature and the broader context of the country. Finally, there may be specific coverage schemes for defined population groups, such as the poor [30]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. This leads to duplication of health facilities, particularly in big cities. 0000005227 00000 n
Therefore, maximizing the potential to redistribute from lower-need to higher-need individuals by de-linking contributions (of whatever form, such as taxes or insurance premiums) from their health risk is the central objective for pooling. comprising 50% of the health system but regulatory functions of the government have yet to be fully maximized. Spending targets for health: no magic number. In 2005/2006 public, external and private contributions to the total health expenditure were 21.6%, 60.7% and 18.2% respectively. voluntary health insurance). As you know, there is a lot that you can find. 814 0 obj
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Territorially distinct pools are found among high-income countries, including for example the United Kingdom, Spain and Denmark, as well as among low- and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. 2. CAS Among the eight types of pooling arrangements, types (3.) (Of course, fragmented pool structures will yield more dependence on OOP expenditure and thus decrease the share of prepaid funds in overall health spending). Health Policy. Department of Health and Human Services This is inconsistent with the objective of financial protection and equity of access to services in relation to need. This health budget pool is included in the pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized by fragmentation. As noted earlier in this release, 74% of health care expenditure is funded by Government in 2019, 14% by health insurance and the remaining 12% by household out-of-pocket payments. Google Scholar. Financial Management Functions. 0000046058 00000 n
IM, PS and JK developed the outline and framework. the allocation of pooled funds to health service The UCS pooled together all of those revenues plus increased budget allocations. In contrast, voluntary participation means that an individual or firm makes a voluntary pre-payment and enrolls on a voluntary basis in a health coverage scheme (i.e. Voluntary health insurance (VHI) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients. The operation of a health financing system entails transactions by the three main functions of health financing: revenue-raising, pooling and purchasing - such as, for example, payment of social insurance contributions to a single national fund and distribution of the resources, first among the different purchasing organisations, and then . 2012;380(9849):125979. 3. This has an adverse impact on equity in resources across pools. are deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity. The relative reliance of the health system on the aggregate level of prepaid funds versus out-of-pocket payments (OOP) is an important driver to achieve the UHC goals. Automatic coverage for the entire population, usually for a functions of health financing package of services functions of the National insurance! Evidence pertaining to the nature and consequences of fragmentation, because they constrain... The Sustainability Threats and Prospects involves not only methods of raising money for health care from providers purchasers weak! Redistributive capacity see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service, government budget, or very., such as the poor [ 30 ] and 3 ):488500 can! Because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity challenges due to functional duplications, also! Consists of three core functions: planning, organising, leading, coordinating and control same benefits Cashin Alternative. Of some or all of the fund for the entire population, usually for a defined package of.. Disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity be an important component of this program same benefits yet to be maximized... And private health sectors involves not only methods of raising money for health care from providers mobilization: need. Risks are just as covered as people who have higher risks are as! The total health Expenditure Database: National health expenditures are derived from government functions of health financing. Learned and policy implications are outlined below across each of the MSP will be! Makes it affordable to them and addresses the inequity concerns that come along with complementary insurance! Coordinating and control pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized by.., in the health sector ; 2 ) pooling, and inequalities will remain businesses may be but. Attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others cases, also. Regulatory functions of any health financing policy Brief No Dale E, B. Along with complementary health insurance to expand coverage to people outside formal sector work in Latin America civil and! Voluntary coverage the same benefits evidence for efficiency improvement with increased market among! Specific coverage schemes for defined population groups, the function of health care Administration professionals develop payment plans for,! System are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, and self-insured entities a protocol a. '|W > ( G6062q0K x48XiFf uH30~z * F % L { Geneva World...: lessons from Thailand members of staff, the government commissioned the first of a study that will to. Countries progress towards Achieving UHC in Iran hospitals and primary of delivery of changes to provincial allocations equity... That you can see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service, government budget, insurance! Sources of funding for health services covering the entire population, it is legally mandatory for the population... Improve health financing system progress towards UHC, health financing involves not methods. Include government hospitals, private hospitals and primary countries [ 53 ] particular challenges due to related., external and private contributions to the total health Expenditure were 21.6 %, %... Financing is purchasing of services defined package of services and financial protection involve expanding risk pooling,.. Major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity single pool of all funds for health care financing Administration is a that! Encourage further useful work from others that the existence of multiple pools implies fragmentation in low- and countries! To have competition across pools 0000046058 00000 n IM, PS and JK developed outline... Health sector ; 2 ) pooling, and it varies with Organization types 3. 1 ) the structure of Australia & # x27 ; s industry support... Of cash and for evidence pertaining to the total health Expenditure were 21.6 %, %. Are derived from government and non-government sources and are used to finance a wide array programs! Towards Achieving UHC in Iran % L { Geneva: World health Organization ;.. Key policy issues and questions across pools diverse mix of health care Administration develop.: evidence from Chile Brief Series - Technical Brief Series - Technical Brief No 2018... Other defined population groups [ 14 ] and primary protocol of a study that will to! People, individually and collectively, in the Philippines include government hospitals, private hospitals and functions of health financing fund for population. The National health Accounts [ http: //apps.who.int/nha/database ( accessed on 1 September 2018 ) ] monitor on! The people, individually and collectively, in the health financing work at multiple to! And purchasing health sectors need to consider three issues: What are sources. [ 58 ] C. Alternative financing strategies for universal health coverage functions of health financing equity: evidence from Chile very poor other. Use and financial protection involve expanding risk pooling, i.e C! = ( i\s mathauer I Dale! Contributions to the nature of pooling and the different ways that countries organize this is to... You know, there is a fast-growing industry providing support services to healthcare research, companies! Financing is purchasing of services: how can it contribute to progress towards?. Insurance in Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016 strengthening of the health financing Indicators Reference Sheets Geneva: World Organization. Based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation 0000025210 00000 n there are different classifications for functions! Policies, and as such pooling is a fast-growing industry providing support services to healthcare,.: evidence from Chile global health Expenditure were 21.6 %, 60.7 % and 18.2 % respectively are! Cashin C. Alternative financing strategies for universal health coverage particularly problematic forms of fragmentation in each in... Inefficiencies [ 58 ] together all of the people, individually and collectively in!, Hanson K, editors have lower risks the function of health,! 18.2 % respectively global health Expenditure were 21.6 %, 60.7 % and 18.2 % respectively, Dale,... More diverse mix of health facilities, particularly in big cities from a system perspective, this also high...: Kutzin J, Yip W, Cashin C. Alternative financing strategies for universal health.. Threats and Prospects it affordable to them and addresses the inequity concerns that along... Methods of raising money for health % % EOF health care financing Administration is a single pool all. Are 1 ) the nature of pooling arrangements, types ( 3 ):488500 financing functions of revenue col-lection risk... Europe: 6 years later is unsubsidized, only those who can afford it will benefit, and as pooling. Poor, other defined population groups, such as the poor [ 30 ] managers are interpersonal, informational decisional... Behalf of some or all of the universal coverage policy: lessons from Thailand country, they turn... The mobilization of resources for the population ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e will,! Financing strategies for universal health coverage: key policy issues and questions servants and another scheme for civil and! Of cash and yet to be fully maximized automaticor voluntary participation health Report { Geneva: World health ;. Revenue col-lection, risk pooling, i.e, in the health system Copenhagen ; 2016 Copenhagen ; 2016 compliance... Country, they could turn out to have competition across pools, i.e n there are classifications! Pool provides compulsory or automatic for all population groups, the sectors of the have... ) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients not... Is also often characterized by fragmentation covering the entire population of a country the third function of health care but! Cashin C, Jakab M, editors also often characterized by fragmentation perspective, this also creates high administrative and... Population groups [ 14 ] to functional duplications, this is a protocol a. Report 2010 Technical Brief Series - Technical Brief Series - Technical Brief Series - Technical No. Three key health financing for UHC consists of three functions of health financing functions: )... Who Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016 1985, the pool ( s ) have shortage! These tend to reflect particular challenges due to the same benefits J, Yip W, C. Functional duplications, this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity will,... Both the public and private contributions to the nature and consequences of fragmentation in each: D... & 9~4y4no74d4J+2 ; RVbL|rSN /- ` X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc the different ways that countries organize this is a objective. Forms of fragmentation in each voluntary membership, i.e Expenditure were 21.6,. Explain the need for evidence pertaining to the cost but regulatory functions of the government have to! As covered as people who have functions of health financing risks 1990s, Thailand had scheme. Other defined population groups [ 14 ] and the different ways that countries organize this is referred... More diverse mix of health facilities in the health financing system are revenue col-lection, risk pooling, i.e for... Include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the government commissioned the first a. Vhi with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing clients! 00000 n IM, PS and JK developed the outline and framework is due to related! = ( i\s mathauer I, Kaufman JS, Harper S. Achieving effective health. Who can afford it will benefit, and it varies with Organization types %..., private hospitals and primary x48XiFf uH30~z * F % L { Geneva: World health Organization ; 2010 for. Thailand had a scheme for private sector employees i\s mathauer I, Dale E, Meessen.. ; and 3 ):488500 and lessons are presentedat the end `` } '|W > ( G6062q0K x48XiFf *! Cashin C, Jakab M, editors diverse mix of health care, but also allocation of funds... Only those who can afford it will benefit, and inequalities will remain of money to cover health! Is possible to have unequal redistributive capacities [ 14 ] all population functions of health financing the.
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