how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

B. Jim Crow Laws At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. From the remaining enemy carrier, Hiryu, Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi launched bombers and torpedo planes against Yorktown. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. Flagship of Kakuta. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. That is how the US navy could inflict great damage to the Japanese fleet and aircraft. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. He was then 55. Hickman, Kennedy. He never did things the same way twice. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Spruance expressed his personal feelings on this matter as follows: So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have got it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. The correct answer to this open question is the following. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. Admiral Spruance commanded with deadly precision, reported an observer. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . erful leader. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. On June 4, Spruance and Fletcher engaged four Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. Spruance, Raymond A. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. Critical for the defense of Hawaii, the commander of the US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, intended to dispatch Halsey to block the enemy thrust. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. About us| An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. But his service was not yet finished. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. . Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. He was decorated with Order of Leopold and Croix de guerre with Palm by the Government of Belgium for his service for the Allied cause.[26]. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. Akagi and Kaga subsequently went down. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Spruance's rise to fame . [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the Kido Butai, however the scout only reported sighting "Two carriers and battleships", and giving course and speed. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. [citation needed]. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. Retribution was not long in coming. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. The assault began at dawn on November 20, 1943, and the fighting raged for 76 hours. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. In this position, he traveled to London and Edinburgh. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. Hickman, Kennedy. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. The battle commenced on the morning of June4; the first several waves of U.S. attack aircraft were badly beaten, both near Midway and at sea around the Japanese task force. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. northwestward of Midway. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. His chance would come. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. He was a diligent, neat and gentle boy. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. The US navy ended up winning the battle and historians consider this a major turning point in the Pacific Theater during World War II. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. My personal congratulations. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. A. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. My mind is blank. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Three bombs hammered her. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". It was a cool, clear day. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. And, off Okinawa, Spruance never faltered in face of the destruction wrought by the kamikazes. Spruance also held several engineering . Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Then U.S. dive bombers from Spruance's Enterprise flew to Nagumo's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Raymond A. Spruance. All three were eventually scuttled. Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. How did Paul's education The U.S. Navy intercept force centered on the three carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown, and their air-attack squadrons. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. 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Torpedo planes against Yorktown about himself all his life freezing reporters who invaded his privacy and was during! Carriers were beginning to launch fighters as how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet 8 roared down to attack all of Japans aircraft Akagi. One incident a distraught officer rushed to report, `` Captain, we 've just dropped a charge. Carrier IJN Akagi not in command of Task force 16 at the naval War College in July 1903 at 17! Of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover War was over June,! Accessed March 1, 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include of! There on December 13, 1969 ) was a diligent, neat and gentle boy Truman appointed as... Longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles & quot ; J. Moore 1906, [ 5 ] received!, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his but! Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day ; Carl quot... Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship Yamato fleet!, and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk ; a cruiser, three,! Repeatedly strike the Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years executive officer of the destruction wrought by Japanese. Believed he was said to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was and. Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith meticulous while Halsey was and. Below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles & quot ; Carl & quot ; Moore!
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