[23] The various contests were thus held under amateur regulations with the exception of fencing matches. The first Games took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece, with a total of 241 men from 14 countries taking part in 43 separate events across track … [16], News that the Olympic Games would return to Greece was well received by the Greek public, media, and royal family. Fourteen nations participated with 241 athletes overall in 43 different events. Vikelas was then elected the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee (IOC). Four events were scheduled, but the épée event was cancelled for unknown reasons. The job of prime minister alternated between Charilaos Trikoupis and Theodoros Deligiannis frequently during the last years of the 19th century. [26], Seven venues were used for the 1896 Summer Olympics. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The gymnastics competition was carried out on the infield of the Panathinaiko Stadium. The inaugural Games of the modern Olympics were attended by as many as 280 athletes, all male, from 12 countries. [31] During the 2004 Games, Panathinaiko Stadium served as host for archery competitions and was the finish line for the athletic marathon event. [45] Rowing and yachting were also scheduled, but were cancelled due to poor weather on the planned day of competition. However this event had to be given up. [61][62] Third place winners did not receive a prize. [54] The other two events, the sabre and the masters foil, were won by Greek fencers. The identities of 179 competitors are known. [20] Constantine's enthusiasm sparked a wave of contributions from the Greek public. During his speech, he made clear that, as far as he was concerned, the Olympics should be held in Athens permanently. The modern Games owe a debt of gratitude to Athens 1896 (Mike Egerton/PA) Over-ambition was to befall the Games in subsequent editions. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four events. The athletes competed in 43 events covering athletics (track and field), cycling, swimming, gymnastics, weightlifting, wrestling, fencing, shooting, and tennis. His first responsibility was to raise the funds necessary to host the Games. Some of the athletes would take part in the Games because they happened to be in Athens at the time the Games were held, either on holiday or for work (e.g., some of the British competitors worked for the British embassy). Most accounts hold that several congressmen first proposed London as the location, but Coubertin dissented. Women did not swim in the Olympics until 1912. Die Wettkämpfe im Segeln wurden vereitelt, da man weder bei uns die besonderen Boote dafür besass, noch fremde Bewerber sich gemeldet hatten. Ioannou suggested that only young people from the upper class should be accepted in the following Olympiad (, Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). Weightlifting champion Launceston Elliot faced gymnastics champion Carl Schuhmann. Swimming was held in the Bay of Zea, fencing at the Zappeion, sport shooting at Kallithea, and tennis at the Athens Lawn Tennis Club. Growing in popularity, the event developed into the first Paralympic Games, which were held in Rome, Italy, in 1960. Summer Games have been held every four years since, except during wartime in 1916, 1940 and 1944. The Olympic marathon was run on 10 April, 1896. [56], The swimming competition was held in the open sea because the organizers had refused to spend the money necessary for a specially constructed stadium. [33] The Zappeion served as the first home of the organizing committee (ATHOC) for the 2004 Games from 1998 to 1999, and served as the main communications center during those Games.[34][35]. Coubertin, however, was heavily opposed to this idea, as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics. Although tennis was already a major sport by the end of the 19th century, none of the top players turned up for the tournament in Athens. Fourteen nations and 241 athletes (all males) took part in the games. [8] Coubertin also took inspiration from the earlier Greek games organised under the name of Olympics by businessman and philanthropist Evangelis Zappas in 1859, 1870 and 1875. Panathenaic Stadium was the main venue, hosting four of the nine sports contested. Despite this, Thomas Burke, of the United States, won the 100-meter race in 12.0 seconds and the 400-meter race in 54.2 seconds. Nevertheless, he won the two events in which he swam, the 100 and 1200 meter freestyle. The ancient track had an unusually elongated shape with such sharp turns that runners were forced to slow down considerably in order to stay in their lanes. Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. Hajós later became one of only two Olympians to win a medal in both the athletic and artistic competitions, when he won a silver medal for architecture in 1924. In the opening ceremony, King Georgios I and a crowd of 60,000 spectators welcomed 280 participants from 13 nations (all male), who would compete in 43 events, including track and field, gymnastics, swimming, wrestling, cycling, tennis, weightlifting, shooting and fencing. His contention was that they were a parody, because people from the working class had taken part in the games. On 18 June 1894, Coubertin organised a congress at the Sorbonne, Paris, to present his plans to representatives of sports societies from 11 countries. [49], The day after the official marathon Stamata Revithi ran the 40-kilometer course in 5 hours 30 minutes,[50] finishing outside Panathinaiko Stadium. In the track events, the best cyclist was Frenchman Paul Masson, who won the one lap time trial, the sprint event, and the 10,000 meters. According to Coubertin, "the Crown Prince Constantine learned with great pleasure that the Games will be inaugurated in Athens." Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. To highlight his victory, two Greek princes joined Louis on the track and ran with him to the finish line. "[25], Women were not entitled to compete at the 1896 Summer Olympics, because de Coubertin felt that their inclusion would be "impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic and incorrect". A curious incident occurred during the weightlifting event: a servant was ordered to remove the weights, which appeared to be a difficult task for him. He relied on the patriotism of the Greek people to motivate them to provide the required finances. [4], No world records were set, as few top international competitors had elected to compete. Although Greece had been favoured to win the discus and the shot put, the best Greek athletes finished just behind the American Robert Garrett in both events. Updates? Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games.[43]. The Greek audience was charmed by the Scottish victor, whom they considered very attractive. National Olympic Committees did not yet exist. [60], Like the Greek king, many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens; most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish. The bronze medals were split by the two Greek weightlifters. Of course, the first Football World Cup is in 1932, and the others FIFA World Cup change their dates two years earlier or later. The city of Marathon served as host to the marathon event and the individual road race events. The total cost of the Games was 3,740,000 gold drachmas. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (The sailing competitions were cancelled because neither had we provided the special boats for it, nor had foreign applicants registered. To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title. A designated Olympic Village for the athletes did not appear until the 1932 Summer Olympics. The 500-meter freestyle was won by Austrian swimmer Paul Neumann, who defeated his opponents by more than a minute and a half. At the request of Constantine, businessman George Averoff agreed to pay for the restoration of the Panathenaic Stadium. [58], Elliot got his revenge in the one hand lift event, which was held immediately after the two-handed one. The top two places were won by the same two men in each event, though their order was reversed for the two events. Held every four years—with a few exceptions (during World War I and World War II)—these Games have brought camaraderie across borders and around the world. A crowd estimated at more than 60,000 attended the opening day of competition. On 6 April (25 March according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece), the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened; it was Easter Monday for both the Western and Eastern Christian Churches and the anniversary of Greece's independence. Sumner Paine won that event, thereby becoming the first relative of an Olympic champion to become Olympic champion himself. Greek participants had been chosen through two trial national races, which had taken place on 10, Coubertin–Philemon–Politis–Anninos (1897), 76, 83–84, Coubertin–Philemon–Politis–Anninos (1897), 70–71, Coubertin–Philemon–Politis–Anninos (1897), 93–94, Coubertin–Philemon–Politis–Anninos (1897), 232–234, IOC Olympic Museum exhibition panel, 2010. The first Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece, and had nine sports on the program.There were also some demonstration sports in 1896. [19], With the prospect of reviving the Olympic games very much in doubt, Coubertin and Vikelas commenced a campaign to keep the Olympic movement alive. [52] The track cycling events were held at the newly built Neo Phaliron Velodrome. In, Coubertin–Philemon–Politis–Anninos (1897), 98–99, 108–109, Officially, she was rejected because the deadline for participation had expired; however, as Olympic historians David Martin and Roger Gynn point out, the real problem was her gender. This number of competitors is according to the International Olympic Committee. Coubertin went on to confirm that, "the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these games." Prince George acted as final referee; according to Coubertin, "his presence gave weight and authority to the decisions of the ephors. Seven venues were used for the 1896 Summer Olympics. See. Key Only five sports have been contested at every summer Olympic Games since 1896: Athletics , Cycling … It was here that, in October 1850, the local physician William Penny Brookes had founded the Wenlock Olympian Games, a festival of sports and recreations that included athletics and team sports, such as cricket, football and quoits. Two competitors stood out: Scotsman Launceston Elliot and Viggo Jensen of Denmark. The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was formed, and the first Games were planned for 1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece. The rules of the International Cycling Association were used for the cycling competitions. Aug 4, 2012 - The first Olympic games of modern era - 1896 Athens, Greece. The second event, for military pistols, was dominated by two American brothers: John and Sumner Paine. 1896 was a special year for athletes. Burke was the only one who used the "crouch start" (putting his knee on soil), confusing the jury. The major highlight was the marathon, held for the first time in international competition. The first official announcements regarding the sporting events to be held featured sports such as football and cricket,[44] but these plans were never finalised, and these sports did not make the final list for the Games. Tennis was a sport unfamiliar to Greeks at the time of the 1896 Games. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Host nation (Greece), Cover of the official report for the 1896 Summer Olympics, Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees, The number, given by the International Olympic Committee, is open to interpretation and could be as few as 10 and as many as 15. Egypt is also sometimes included because of Dionysios Kasdaglis' participation. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the Intercalated Games of 1906, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics, 108 years later. The winner of the 12-hour competition was Adolf Schmal while Aristidis Konstantinidis won the road-race event. Darkness forced the final match to be suspended after 40 minutes; it was continued the following day, when Schuhmann needed only fifteen minutes to finish the bout. 1894 first modern Olympic Games held in event’s historical home – Greek capital, Athens. [32] The city of Marathon itself served as the starting point for both marathon events during the 2004 Games. The First Modern Olympic Games, Athens 1896 (exhibition), The Hellenic Centre, 16-18 Paddington Street - Event dates and times, admission prices, nearest station, map and … The Panathinaiko Stadium attracted what at the time were largest crowds in sporting history but, despite perceived success of 1896 games, event didn’t return to Athens until 2004 –100 years later. Tennis was a sport unfamiliar to Greeks at the time of the 1896 Games. Because of this financial and political instability, both prime minister Trikoupis and Stephanos Dragoumis, the president of the Zappas Olympic Committee, which had attempted to organise a series of national Olympiads, believed that Greece could not host the event. There were three open events (men's 100-metre freestyle, men's 500-metre freestyle, and men's 1200 metre freestyle), in addition to a special event open only to Greek sailors, all of which were held on the same day (11 April).[53]. Members of the royal family of Greece played an important role in the organization and management of the Games and were regular spectators over the 10 days of the Olympics. However, the event could not be completed due to darkness and was finalised the next morning, when Georgios Orphanidis was crowned the champion. The Olympic games had the largest number of international participants of any sporting event held before. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Athens-1896-Olympic-Games. Louis Zutter, a Swiss gymnast, won the pommel horse, while Greeks Ioannis Mitropoulos and Nikolaos Andriakopoulos were victorious in the rings and rope climbing events, respectively.[55]. Hungary sent the only national team; most of the foreign athletes were well-to-do college students or members of athletic clubs attracted by the novelty of the Olympics. Timeline. [43] The following 14 are most likely the ones recognised by the IOC. Long touted in the making, 1896 marked the first Olympic Games in over 2,000 years.Through loans, promises and sheer determination, Pierre de Coubertin and his cohort of plucky fitness enthusiasts had somehow managed to organize an international sporting event comprising over 280 athletes from 14 different nations competing … Stadia.gr profile of Karaiskakoid Stadium in 1895, 1964, and 2003. The track-and-field competition was dominated by athletes from the United States, who won 9 of the 12 events. Events > Olympics > Summer > Sports > Lists > 1896. He also finished second in … Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Two of the four swimming races were won by Alfréd Hajós of Hungary. Some scholars allege that during the Sorbonne congress Coubertin was led by tactical considerations, and used the amateur requirement only as a bait in order to realize his actual aim—namely the reintroduction of the Olympic Games—more quickly (Lennartz–Wassong [2004]), 20. The race, conceived by Frenchman Michel Bréal, followed the legendary route of Pheidippides, a trained runner who was believed to have been sent from the plain of Marathon to Athens to announce the defeat of an invading Persian army in 490 bce. Some winners also received additional prizes, such as Spyridon Louis, who received a cup from Michel Bréal, a friend of Coubertin, who had conceived the marathon event. The 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. A total of seven men from five nations competed. The story of the ancient games in the modern world. Vikelas made the Athens proposal official on 23 June, and since Greece had been the original home of the Olympics, the congress unanimously approved the decision. Since that time many sports have been added (and removed too) from the program. Some sources list 12, excluding Chile and Bulgaria; others list 13, including those two but excluding Italy. ", Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. The jury, the referees and the game director bore the same names as in antiquity (Ephor, Helanodic and Alitarc). This grassroots effort raised 330,000 drachmas. [30] This venue was renovated in 2003 for use as a football venue for the 2004 Games. Ten of the 14 participating nations earned medals. Coubertin adopted Dr William Penny Brooke's idea to establish a multi-national and multi-sport event—the ancient games were in a sense international, b… In addition, countries were not always as well-defined as they are today. After a speech by the president of the organising committee, Crown Prince Constantine, his father officially opened the Games with the words (in Greek):[43], "I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens. The competition was held at the courts of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club, and the infield of the velodrome used for the cycling events. ‡ The iconic Olympic rings symbol was not designed by Baron Pierre de Coubertin until 1912. Over 65% of the competing athletes were Greek. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. A…, …Olympic Games were revived at Athens in 1896.…. Professionalism vs amateurism was one of the dominant themes of the 19th century regarding athletics. Germany had sent an 11-man team, which won five of the eight events, including both team events. Long live the Nation. John Pius Boland, who won the event, had been entered in the competition by a fellow-student of his at Oxford; the Greek, Konstantinos Manos. Paris, 1900 - Women took part for the first time in the history of modern Olympics. Paul Masson of France won three of the six cycling events. Held on April 6-15, 1896 in Athens, Greece - birthplace of the ancient Olympiad - the inauguration of the modern games was a great milestone in international sports culture and cooperation. Coubertin did very little.". The 1870 Olympics at the Panathenaic stadium, which had been refurbished for the occasion, had an audience of 30,000 people. The velodrome would be renovated into a football stadium in 1964 and was known as Karaiskakis Stadium. The first … Omissions? In addition, the curves of the track were very tight, making fast times in the running events virtually impossible. The first modern Olympic Games happened in 1898 in Athens, Greece, not like in OTL in 1896. They became the first siblings to finish first and second in the same event. [53], The fencing events were held in the Zappeion, which, built with money Evangelis Zappas had given to revive the ancient Olympic Games, had never seen any athletic contests before. With deep feeling towards Baron de Coubertin's courteous petition, I send him and the members of the Congress, with my sincere thanks, my best wishes for the revival of the Olympic Games. The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spyridon Louis. Eventually, he was allowed to start from this "uncomfortable position". Flameng won the event, after a fall, and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Georgios Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem. The Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, 1,503 years after the ancient Olympics were abolished. Worldportsource.com profile of the Zea, Greece marina. With the relaxation of amateur-only rules, highly-paid athletes such as professional basketball players can now compete. The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12-hour race, which was completed by only two cyclists, while the road race event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis. As a member of the Athens Lawn Tennis sub-committee, Manos had been trying, with the assistance of Boland, to recruit competitors for the Athens Games from among the sporting circles of Oxford University. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nearly 20,000 spectators lined the Bay of Zea off the Piraeus coast to watch the events. The rules used were similar to modern Greco-Roman wrestling, although there was no time limit, and not all leg holds were forbidden (in contrast to current rules). The final event, the free rifle, began on the same day. The official closing ceremony was held the following Wednesday, after being postponed from Tuesday due to rain. In the following years both Coubertin and Demetrius Vikelas would offer recollections of the selection process that contradicted the official minutes of the congress. The athletes competed... Panathenaic Stadium, home of the athletics (track-and-field) events of the Athens 1896 Olympic Games. Taking place soon after the conclusion of the Olympic Games, the Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability attracted 400 participants from 23 countries, who competed in eight sports. The Athens Games were the first occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The best cyclist who managed to win 3races was Paul Masson from France. Spyridon Louis, a previously unrecognised water carrier, won the event to become the only Greek athletics champion and a national hero. 1900: Paris, France: Women competed for the first time: Paris hosted these games without a … The Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques) is an important international event featuring summer and winter sports. Over 65% of all athletes were Greek. The first modern Games weren’t met with such enormous fanfare, however, given that they began on April 6, 1896. A festive atmosphere prevailed as foreign athletes were greeted with parades and banquets. All subsequent Olympiads have been numbered even when no Games take place (as in 1916, during World War I, and in 1940 and 194… Thank you. James B. Connolly poses with a U.S. flag at the first modern international Olympic Games held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. For Alfréd Hajós of Hungary, this meant he could only compete in two of the events, as they were held too close together, which made it impossible for him to adequately recuperate. The 1896 Summer Olympics (Greek: Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896, romanized: Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 1896), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. [46] In the 1896 Olympics, there were 13 total swimming participants. In the first round, Boland defeated Friedrich Traun, a promising tennis player from Hamburg, who had been eliminated in the 100-meter sprint competition. In the 100 kilometres event, Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng. The games took place from April 6 to 15, 1896. St Louis, 1904 - These were the first modern Olympic Games, where gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded for first, second and third prize respectively. The race became the highlight of the Games and was won by Spyridon Louis, a Greek whose victory earned him the lasting admiration of his nation. Louis then led the medalists on a lap of honour around the stadium, while the Olympic Hymn was played again. No weight classes existed for the wrestling competition, held in the Panathenaic Stadium, which meant that there would only be one winner among competitors of all sizes. The first event was held in a style now known as the "clean and jerk". A special set of postage stamps were commissioned; the sale of which raised 400,000 drachmas. The first regulation voted on by the new IOC in 1894 was to allow only amateur athletes to participate in the Olympic Games. The IOC has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions. These professionals were considered gentlemen athletes, just as the amateurs.[25]. 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